Pdf several environmental factors adversely affect plant growth and development and final yield performance of a crop. Flowers and yeo 1995 suggested five possible ways, which were appropriate at that time, to develop salt. Soil salinity is an important stress affecting irrigated crops in many areas of california. However, they dont specifically address watering plants with a source that is high in salinity such as the brazos river or lake granbury. Soil salinity is a major constraint to agriculture. For ex ample, the transcription factor genes such as the dreb cbf family have been widely used in improving stress tolerance in several crops,14. For most crops, this response function follows a sigmoidal relationship. New data from the united nations university has shown that saltspoiled soils account for around 20% of all irrigated land globally with an area equal in size to france already unsuitable for food production. Studio h, a cape townbased food design agency run by hannerie visser, has been working on a speculative water project szout, which imagines the future of food if the water used for agriculture is sea water.
As noted in previous chapters of this manual, the quality of irrigation. Use crop residues as mulch to reduce water loss from evaporation. An example of a halophyte is the salt marsh grass spartina. Salt tolerance of crops could be improved by genetic engineering if basic questions on mechanisms of salt toxicity and defense responses could be solved at the molecular level. Grasspea produces protein rich seeds for human consumption and is commonly grown as a fodder. The salt tolerance of a crop can be described as a complex function of yield decline across a range of salt concentrations maas and hoffman 1977. Alkaligrass seedling growth and acid phosphatase activities in romaine and vista.
Could salttolerant crops be solution to sustainable food. Field crops salinity problems did occur in rainfed rice fields, so salttolerant rice varieties may have a specific niche in rainfed systems. Agavaceae is a salt and droughttolerant succulent shrub lily family of the dry open deserts of the americas. Yield reduction starts at ece 10 and 12 and 16 and 20. Salinity tolerance in irrigated crops nsw department of. The genetic approach to the problems posed by saltaffected soils and water,i.
All the crops together also form a good combination for crop rotation. Another smart gardening solution is to plant salttolerant vegetables. In many instances, the value of the water is decreased solely because of its higher salt concentration. Mutant plants accumulating proline and transgenic plants engineered to accumulate mannitol or fructans exhibit improved salt tolerance. Salinity effect on crop development and yield, analysis of. Salt tolerant plants garden reference books frequently categorize plants as salt tolerant if they thrive in coastal or bayside conditions. Bismarck, north dakota plant materials for saltaffected sites. New salinitytolerant forage crops progressive forage. Fall or winter dormant seeding into standing residue is recommended on saltaffected sites. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the world, and in the drier areas of the world, which include many developing countries, the use of water for agriculture can exceed 90. Hence, developing salttolerant crops is essential for sustaining potential 0. Based on several sources, the grass es and sedges below are reported to be salt tolerant.
Genetic engineering peanut for higher drought and salt. Halophytes plants that grow in soils or waters containing significant amounts of inor ganic salts can harness saline resources that are generally neglected and are usually. Moreover, identifying genes involved in salt tolerance in a midtohigh tolerant tree species is a prerequisite to targetting such genes at the. Exposure to salts, either in coastal environments or along roadsides, can stunt growth and even kill plants. Vegetable crops water salinity tolerance ecw this table indicates the yield reductions that could be expected when various vegetable crops are irrigated with saline water and grown in moderate to slowdraining soils. Vegetable crops water salinity tolerance ecw this table indicates the yield reductions that could be expected when various vegetable crops are irrigated. The evapotranspiration deficit criterion was used, because for certain crops the relation between yield and evapotranspiration remains the same in case of drought and salinity. Salt tolerance can be adequately described on the basis of two parameters. Improving crop salt tolerance journal of experimental. Pdf salt tolerance of selected vegetable crops researchgate. Salt spray the aerial drift of saltladen water droplets that are deposited on trees and shrubs causes salt spray damage. Over the last three decades there has been outstanding work on the selection of salt tolerant trees, shrubs, grasses and crops that enable increased production from salt.
When droplets evaporate, the salt s sodium and chlorine ions can penetrate stems, buds and leaves, causing direct damage. World breakthrough on salttolerant wheat sciencedaily. Soil salinity and salt tolerance of vegetable crops. Moderately salt tolerant plants tolerant of moderate levels of salt spray, such as that received in landscapes adjacent to the beach front, but which are sheltered by other plants, structures or natural dunes. Profiting from saline tolerant crops newspaper dawn. Salinity tolerance in irrigated crops 2 nsw department of primary industries, january 2017 note that one megalitre at ecw of 1 dsm contains about 640kg of salts. The salt tolerance of a crop can best be described by plotting its relative yield as a continuous function of soil salinity. Crop decline resulting from increased soil salinity can be traced back thousands of years to sumer and babylonia. There are now, however, several nontraditional options to improving salt tolerance as a result of recent progress in better understanding the mechanisms involved. Salt tolerance of crops is the maximum salt level a crop tolerates without losing its productivity while it is affected negatively at higher levels. Effects of salinity on the growth of different crops and. University of adelaide researchers have made a breakthrough in investigating salt tolerance in plants which could lead to new salt tolerant varieties of crops, and also answer unresolved questions. The salt level is often taken as the soil salinity or the salinity of the irrigation water salt tolerance is of importance in irrigated lands in semiarid regions where the soil salinity problem can be extensive as a result of the salinization.
Over time, salts can accumulate in the soils as crops extract water leaving the salts behind in the root zone. Vegetable crops are defined as herbaceous species grown for human consumption in which the edible portions consist of leaves, roots, hypocotyls, stems, petioles, and flower buds. For example, salt stress affects pollination of some rice oryza sativa l. Many grasses can tolerate exposure to salts, especially species native to coastal areas. Adverse environmental factors, of which water scarcity represents the most severe constraint to agriculture, account for about 70 percent of potential yield loses worldwide 1. A halophyte is a salttolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semideserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs and seashores. The point is made that breeding for resistance to salinity stress. The deleterious effects of salt stress on agricultural yield are significant, mainly because crops exhibit slower growth rates. While no varieties are truly salttolerant, there are varieties in indonesia that appear salttolerant mendawak, sunggal and banyuasin.
Among the native americans of mexico and the southwest us, the most popular way of preparing agave consisted of. Thats right some veggie crops can tolerate salt better than others. Barley is a salt tolerant small grain that can work well as a cover crop. The salt tolerance of vegetable species is important because the cash value of vegetables is usually high compared to field crops.
The results for the salt tolerant and the moderately salt sensitive groups correspond with the classification of maas and hoffman, excepted for soybean. The following figure confirms this property with a threshold value of 8. Salttolerant plants can utilize land and water unsuitable for saltsensitive crops glycophytes for the economic pro duction of food, fodder, fuel, and other products. Plant species vary in how well they tolerate salt affected soils. Resort if possible to growing crops or varieties with tolerance to salinity 4. To improve salinity tolerance of crops, various traits can be incorporated, including ion exclusion, osmotic tolerance and tissue tolerance. Understanding and improving salt tolerance in plants.
Barley, like cotton, is generally known as a salt tolerant crop. The salt tolerance of a crop can be described as a complex function of. An explanation of salinity in soils, a table showing the tolerance to salt of different crops and a list of salt tolerant plants keywords. The development of new improved salttolerant forage crops gives forage producers an additional means of minimizing salinityrelated production losses and an opportunity to improve profits by fully utilizing all the farm ground available to them. Soil salinity and salt tolerance of vegetable crops ufifas extension. Plant tolerance levels a range of generally accepted soil salinity ratings for forage. As sea levels rise, gmo salttolerant crops could address urgent need. For any other water quality testing please consult the county health department.
Selecting and planting salt tolerant trees and shrubs. This reduces the build up of salts in the root zone. Inland saltgrass is another species common on salt affected sites. We can only test for dissolved salt in your water sample no other contaminants. Trees and shrubs that tolerate saline soils and salt spray. To reduce salt accumulation in the root zone irrigation water and drainage systems can be used to wash salts down the soil profile. With global population estimated to reach nine billion by 2050, and the demand for food expected to rise by 100% in this time, salttolerant crops will. This barley is apparently grown in saline lands as there are many observations in. Apparently, most crops become more tolerant at later stages of growth, but there are some exceptions. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf.
Oats, sorghum, and sudangrass are considered moderately sensitive. Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint to crop production, affecting an estimated 45 million hectares of irrigated land, and is expected to increase due to global climate changes and as a consequence of many irrigation practices 1, 2. Leaf lettuce and rocket were shown to be affected by the salt stress applied to the plants even with a different salinity tolerance threshold. Highly salt tolerant plants tolerant of the direct salt spray such as that received along dunes and immediately adjacent to the oceanfront. Salt tolerant vegetable gardening ufifas extension. We have opted to define vegetables in a strict sense as those herbaceous species grown for human consumption in which the edible portions consist of leaves lettuce, cabbage, swollen tap roots, e. Although quantitative information on crop salt tolerance. As sea levels rise, gmo salttolerant crops could address. Bohnert4 soils are delicate structures, and careless agricultural practices can destroy them. According to maas and hoffman the salt tolerance of a crop can be best described by plotting its relative yield as a continuous function of soil salinity. Biotechnology for the development of drought tolerant.
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